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The present study investigated the chemical profiles and evaluated the inhibitory effect against 5-Lipoxygenase (5-Lox) activity for extracts of ginger rhizome, callus, and callus treated with the elicitors; yeast extract (100, 300 and 500 mg/L), glycine (100, 200 and 300 mg/L) and salicylic acid (100 and 200 mg/L). Oils and chloroform: methanol (CM) extracts were prepared by maceration in petroleum ether and CM (1:1, v/v), respectively. Chemical profiles were determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. Oil of the callus recorded higher 5-Lox inhibitory effect (IC50 58.33±4.66 µg/mL) than the oil of rhizome (IC50168.34±15.64 µg/mL) and comparable to that of the positive control; Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (IC50 61.25±1.02 µg/mL). The chemical profile of the callus oil contained large amounts of fatty acids, mainly the unsaturated fatty acid oleic acid (31.11%) and saturated fatty acid palmitic acid (28.56%). Elicitors modified the chemical profile of the callus and ameliorated the anti-5-Lox activity of CM extract of the callus. CM extracts of callus treated with 100 and 300 mg/L yeast extract and 50 mg/L salicylic acid significantly suppressed (P ≤ 0.05) the 5-Lox activity by 33.16%, 25.46% and 16%, respectively as compared to the CM extract of untreated callus. In conclusion, ginger callus could be considered as a valuable dietary supplement in the treatment of various inflammatory disorders.
O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar os perfis químicos e avaliar o efeito inibitório da atividade da 5-Lipoxigenase (5-Lox) em extratos de rizoma, calo e calo de gengibre tratados com os eliciadores; extrato de levedura (100, 300 e 500 mg / L), glicina (100, 200 e 300 mg / L) e ácido salicílico (100 e 200 mg / L). Extratos de óleos e clorofórmio: metanol (CM) foram preparados por maceração em éter e CM (1: 1, v / v), respectivamente. Os perfis químicos foram determinados por análise de cromatografia gasosa / espectrometria de massa (GC / MS). O óleo do calo registrou maior efeito inibitório de 5-Lox (IC50 58,33 ± 4,66 µg / mL) do que o óleo de rizoma (IC50168,34 ± 15,64 µg / mL) e comparável ao do controle positivo; Ácido nordi-hidroguaiarético (IC50 61,25 ± 1,02 µg / mL). O perfil químico do óleo de calo continha grandes quantidades de ácidos graxos, principalmente o ácido graxo insaturado ácido oleico (31,11%) e ácido graxo saturado palmítico (28,56%). Os elicitores modificaram o perfil químico do calo e melhoraram a atividade anti-5-Lox do extrato de CM do calo. Extratos de CM de calos tratados com 100 e 300 mg / L de extrato de levedura e 50 mg / L de ácido salicílico suprimiram significativamente (P ≤ 0,05) a atividade de 5-Lox em 33,16%, 25,46% e 16%, respectivamente, em comparação com o extrato de CM de calo não tratado. Em conclusão, o calo de gengibre pode ser considerado um suplemento dietético valioso no tratamento de vários distúrbios inflamatórios.
Subject(s)
Lipoxygenase/analysis , Salicylic Acid , Ginger/chemistry , Rhizome/chemistry , YeastsABSTRACT
Clostridial strain Clostridium acetobutylicum MTCC 11274 was employed for producing biobutanol inbatch culture fermentation. The effects of various carbon sources, i.e., xylose, starch, dextrin, glucose, andmannose as well as nitrogen sources, i.e., yeast extract, peptone, beef extract, and soya protein were studiedconventionally (one-factor-at-a-time). It was found that the maximum amount of biobutanol, i.e., 6.27 and 7.40g/l was obtained from 60 g/l glucose and 5 g/l yeast extract, respectively. In addition to this, the interactionsbetween pH, temperature, and glucose concentration were also taken into consideration for the optimization ofbiobutanol production with the help of Central Composite Design (CCD) of Response Surface Methodology.CCD design was used for the optimization of the above-mentioned parameters and low and high values ofvariables were chosen by performing the steepest ascent experiment. The analysis of variance (ANOVA)model was used for estimating the significance of the model coefficients. ANOVA revealed that the modelwas significant (p < 0.05) and the effects of the glucose concentration, pH, and temperature on biobutanolproduction were significant. It was found that 8.56 g/l biobutanol was produced under optimum fermentationconditions with 40 g/l Gracilaria edulis supplemented with 20 g/l glucose as a carbon source
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Aim: The current study aimed to evaluate the potential of milk whey medium to produce low value bio-preservatives. Methodology: Lactobacillus plantarum NZ7100 was obtained from NIZO Food Research, Netherlands. To analyze optimal biomass, desired product and precursor production under whey/whey permeate supplemented with various yeast extract concentration (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 g l-1) and other economical media, batch fermentation was conducted and metabolites were analyzed using HPLC. Results: The study showed that whey permeate containing 15 g l-1 yeast extract supported maximum biomass formation of 1.7 g l-1 with significant production of total lactic acid and D-lactic acid of about 9.78 g l-1 and 4.41 g l-1. The kinetic parameters evaluated with commercial growth medium such as MRS-glucose and MRS-lactose demonstrated relatively lesser growth and lactate yield in whey permeate medium than in MRS medium. Interpretation: The study demonstrated the prospective of utilizing whey permeate medium to co-produce effective, eco- friendly, low cost natural preservatives using L. plantarum for usage in food and feed industry.
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In order to study the mechanism of nitrogen metabolism and secondary metabolism in Atropa belladonna hairy roots treated with yeast extract, yeast extract（YE） was added to the culture medium. Then the changes of physiological and biochemical indexes of A. belladonna hairy roots after treatment with YE were detected. The results are as follows，the activity of key enzymes of nitrogen metabolism changed differently. Compared with the control group (CK), the activity of nitrate reductase (NR) and glutamine synthetase (GS) were significantly increased, while the activity of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) was not changed significantly. The content of nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen had a significant decrease,but the content of soluble protein, free amino acid, total nitrogen are significantly more than CK. Moreover, YE treatment led to the increase of the content precursor amino acids (ornithine and arginine) and precursor putrescine in secondary metabolic pathways of A. belladonna. The expression level of gene putrescine N-methyl transferase (pmt), tropinone reductase-I (trI) and hyoscyamine 6-β-hydroxylase(h6h) all increased in a different rate caused by YE treatment, which eventually led to the increase of the yield of tropane alkaloids. The yield of hyoscyamine and scopolamine were 3.09 and 1.85 folds than that of CK after 16 days treatment time. The results indicated that YE can induce more synthesis of tropane alkaloids by increasing the activity of key enzymes in nitrogen metabolism to provide more synthetic materials for secondary metabolism, meanwhile it regulated the expression level of some genes of key metabolic enzyme to accelerate secondary metabolism.
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Objective To improve the yield of the effective medicinal ingredients of Atropa belladonna, to provide economic and efficient method for the actual production of A. belladonna, therefore to provide a basic reference for the related research on the mechanism of secondary metabolism of medicinal plants. Methods In this study, the influences of four kinds of elicitors, including methyl jasmonate (MJ), AgNO3, salicylic acid (SA), yeast extract (YE), on the accumulation of active components and the expression level of key metabolic enzyme genes, including putrescine N-methyl transferase (pmt), tropinone reductase-I (trI), and hyoscyamine-6-β-hydroxylase (h6h), were studied in hairy roots of A. belladonna. 0.5 g fresh hairy roots of A. belladonna were cultivated in B5 liquid medium. 12 d later, these mediums were replaced with the new medium containing one kind of four elicitors. Hairy roots were taken samples after 2 d to mensurate the fresh weight, dry weight, the content of tropane alkaloids, some physiological indexes, and three key genes expression level. Results MJ inhibited the growth and tropane alkaloids accumulation of hairy roots. The gene expression level of pmt and trI also decreased compared with control group (CK). The contents of tropane alkaloids and the expression level of pmt, trI and h6h were all increased compared with CK by the treatment of AgNO3, while the growth of hairy rootswas inhibited; SA contributed to the increased content of hyoscyamine, but with no obvious influence on growth of hairy roots. As to YE, the content of tropane alkaloids and the expression level of pmt, trI, h6h were all increased correspondingly. Further more, YE was benefit for the growth of hairy roots. Conclusion Elicitors had selective influence on growth and tropane alkaloids accumulation in hairy roots of A. belladonna. The best elicitor on accumulation of tropane alkaloids was AgNO3. YE could effectively improve of the growth of hairy and contents of tropane alkaloids. This study concluded that these elicitors influence the secondary metabolism of A. belladonna by regulating and controlling the expression level of some genes of key metabolic Enzyme, which could provide an effective method to enhance the medicinal composition in the culture of hairy roots of A. belladonna.
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Abstract Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don, Apocynaceae, is an immensely important medicinal plant, produces a variety of anticancerous compounds. The yield of two most investigated alkaloids vinblastine and vincristine is unfortunately very low. A vast array of technologies including elicitation have recently been used to enrich Catharanthus alkaloid in culture. Yeast extract is a biotic elicitor, the polysaccharide and the peptide moiety have been recognized as a signalling element in enriching secondary metabolites. In this study, the yeast extract elicitation on vinblastine and vincristine was studied in various protoplast derived tissues and plantlets. Four different yeast extract treatments (T1 = 0.5 g/l, T2 = 1.0 g/l, T3 = 1.5 g/l and T4 = 2.0 g/l) were prepared and used. The alkaloid was quantified and a comparative account of yield were presented by the use of High performance thin layer chromatography. The yeast extract amendment in medium improved vinblastine and vincristine yield in cultivating tissues, maximum being in germinating embryos and in in vitro raised leaf. The highest yield was in T3 (1.5 mg/l) in which 22.74% vinblastine and 48.49% vincristine enrichment was noted in germinating embryos; the enhancement was however, treatment-specific. Antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase activities were investigated as addition of yeast extract caused cellular stress and had enriched level of alkaloids.
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Objective To evaluate the impact of plant growth regulators including kinetin (KN), benzyl adenine and naphthalene acetic acid, yeast extract and casein hydrolyzate on biomass accumulation of Vietnamese ginseng Panax vietnamensis (P. vietnamensis) in cell suspension culture. Methods Cell suspension cultures were established from friable calluses derived from leaves and petioles of 3-year-old in-vitro P. vietnamensis plants. The cell suspension cultures were grown in Murashige and Skoog basal media supplemented with various concentrations of KN, benzyl adenine, naphthalene acetic acid, and yeast extract and casein hydrolyzate. Results All tested factors generated an increase in the cell biomass of P. vietnamensis in suspension culture, but the impact of each varies depended on the factor type, concentration, and incubation period. Addition of 2.0 mg/L KN resulted in the largest biomass increase after 24 d, (57.0 ± 0.9) and (3.1 ± 0.1) mg/mL fresh and dry weight, respectively, whereas addition of benzyl adenine or naphthalene acetic acid produced optimum levels of Panax cell biomass at 1.0 and 1.5 mg/L, respectively. Addition of the elicitor yeast extract led to a 1.4–2.4 fold increase in biomass of P. vietnamensis, while addition of casein hydrolyzate enhanced biomass accumulation 1.8–2.6 fold. Conclusions The addition of each factor causes significant changes in biomass accumulation of P. vietnamensis. The largest biomass accumulation is from cultures grown in MS media containing 2.0 mg/L KN for 24 d. The outcome of the present study provides new insights into the optimal suspension culture conditions for studies on the in vitro cell biomass production of P. vietnamensis.
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OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the impact of plant growth regulators including kinetin (KN), benzyl adenine and naphthalene acetic acid, yeast extract and casein hydrolyzate on biomass accumulation of Vietnamese ginseng Panax vietnamensis (P. vietnamensis) in cell suspension culture.@*METHODS@#Cell suspension cultures were established from friable calluses derived from leaves and petioles of 3-year-old in-vitro P. vietnamensis plants. The cell suspension cultures were grown in Murashige and Skoog basal media supplemented with various concentrations of KN, benzyl adenine, naphthalene acetic acid, and yeast extract and casein hydrolyzate.@*RESULTS@#All tested factors generated an increase in the cell biomass of P. vietnamensis in suspension culture, but the impact of each varies depended on the factor type, concentration, and incubation period. Addition of 2.0 mg/L KN resulted in the largest biomass increase after 24 d, (57.0 ± 0.9) and (3.1 ± 0.1) mg/mL fresh and dry weight, respectively, whereas addition of benzyl adenine or naphthalene acetic acid produced optimum levels of Panax cell biomass at 1.0 and 1.5 mg/L, respectively. Addition of the elicitor yeast extract led to a 1.4-2.4 fold increase in biomass of P. vietnamensis, while addition of casein hydrolyzate enhanced biomass accumulation 1.8-2.6 fold.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The addition of each factor causes significant changes in biomass accumulation of P. vietnamensis. The largest biomass accumulation is from cultures grown in MS media containing 2.0 mg/L KN for 24 d. The outcome of the present study provides new insights into the optimal suspension culture conditions for studies on the in vitro cell biomass production of P. vietnamensis.
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Objective:To discuss the influence of Tongfengning Capsule (TFN) in the levels of uricacid (UC),creatinine (Cr) and urea nitrogen (BUN) in mouse serum and the activities of the xanthine oxidase (XOD),adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity in the liver homogenate of the mice with hyperuricemia,and to observe the improvement effect of TFN on the pathological changes of liver tissue and to clarify its mechanisms.Methods:The models of mouse hyperuricemia were induced by yeast extract with potassium oxonate.Seventy mice were divided into blank control group,model group,low (200 mg · kg 1),medium (400 mg · kg-1) and high (800 mg · kg-1) doses of TFN groups,allopurinol positive drug control group (50 mg · kg-1),Tongfengshu (TFS,600 mg · kg-1) positive drug control group (n=10).The levels of UC,Cr,BUN in serum and the activities of XOD,ADA in homoggenate were detected and the histopathological changes of the kidney tissue of the mice were measured with HE staining.Results:Compared with blank control group,the levels of serum UC,Cr and BUN ofthe mice in model group were significantlyincreased (P＜0.01),and the activities of XOD and ADA in liver tissue were also increased (P＜0.01).Compared with model group,the levels of serum UC,Cr and BUN of the mice in positive drug control groups and different doses of TFN groups were decreased (P＜0.01),and the activities of XOD and ADA in liver tissue were also decreased (P＜0.05),especially in high dose of TFN group.Compared with model group,the pathologic changes such as renal glomerulus atrophy,renal interstitial fibrosis and expansion of renal tubule of the mice in positive drug control groups and high dose of TFN group were improved to a certain extent.Conclusion:TFN has improvement effcet on the hyperuricemia in the mice and its mechanism is related to the inhibition of uricogenesis and the promotion of UC excretion.
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Objective:To discuss the influence of Tongfengning Capsule (TFN) in the levels of uricacid (UC),creatinine (Cr) and urea nitrogen (BUN) in mouse serum and the activities of the xanthine oxidase (XOD),adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity in the liver homogenate of the mice with hyperuricemia,and to observe the improvement effect of TFN on the pathological changes of liver tissue and to clarify its mechanisms.Methods:The models of mouse hyperuricemia were induced by yeast extract with potassium oxonate.Seventy mice were divided into blank control group,model group,low (200 mg · kg 1),medium (400 mg · kg-1) and high (800 mg · kg-1) doses of TFN groups,allopurinol positive drug control group (50 mg · kg-1),Tongfengshu (TFS,600 mg · kg-1) positive drug control group (n=10).The levels of UC,Cr,BUN in serum and the activities of XOD,ADA in homoggenate were detected and the histopathological changes of the kidney tissue of the mice were measured with HE staining.Results:Compared with blank control group,the levels of serum UC,Cr and BUN ofthe mice in model group were significantlyincreased (P＜0.01),and the activities of XOD and ADA in liver tissue were also increased (P＜0.01).Compared with model group,the levels of serum UC,Cr and BUN of the mice in positive drug control groups and different doses of TFN groups were decreased (P＜0.01),and the activities of XOD and ADA in liver tissue were also decreased (P＜0.05),especially in high dose of TFN group.Compared with model group,the pathologic changes such as renal glomerulus atrophy,renal interstitial fibrosis and expansion of renal tubule of the mice in positive drug control groups and high dose of TFN group were improved to a certain extent.Conclusion:TFN has improvement effcet on the hyperuricemia in the mice and its mechanism is related to the inhibition of uricogenesis and the promotion of UC excretion.
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BACKGROUND/OBSECTIVE: Airway inflammation by eosinophils, neutrophils and alveolar macrophages is a characteristic feature of asthma that leads to pathological subepithelial thickening and remodeling. Our previous study showed that oxidative stress in airways resulted in eosinophilia and epithelial apoptosis. The current study investigated whether glutathione-containing dry yeast extract (dry-YE) ameliorated eosinophilia, goblet cell hyperplasia and mucus overproduction. MATERIALS/METHOD: This study employed 2 µg/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- or 20 ng/mL eotaxin-1-exposed human bronchial epithelial cells and ovalbumin (OVA)-challenged mice. Dry-YE employed in this study contained a significant amount of glutathione (140 mg in 100 g dry yeast). RESULTS: Human bronchial epithelial cell eotaxin-1 and mucin 5AC (MUC5AC) were markedly induced by the endotoxin LPS, which was dose-dependently attenuated by nontoxic dry-YE at 10-50 µg/mL. Moreover, dry-YE inhibited the MUC5AC induction enhanced by eotaxin-1, indicating that eotaxin-1-mediated eosinophilia may prompt the MUC5AC induction. Oral supplementation with 10-100 mg/kg dry-YE inhibited inflammatory cell accumulation in airway subepithelial regions with a reduction of lung tissue level of intracellular adhesion molecule-1. In addition, ≥ 50 mg/kg dry-YE diminished the lung tissue levels of eotaxin-1, eosinophil major basic protein and MUC5AC in OVA-exposed mice. Alcian blue/periodic acid schiff staining revealed that the dry-YE supplementation inhibited goblet cell hyperplasia and mucus overproduction in the trachea and bronchiolar airways of OVA-challenged mice. CONCLUSIONS: Oxidative stress may be involved in the induction of eotaxin-1 and MUC5AC by endotoxin episode and OVA challenge. Dry-YE effectively ameliorated oxidative stress-responsive epithelial eosinophilia and mucus-secreting goblet cell hyperplasia in cellular and murine models of asthma.
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Mice , Apoptosis , Asthma , Chemokine CCL11 , Eosinophil Major Basic Protein , Eosinophilia , Eosinophils , Epithelial Cells , Glutathione , Goblet Cells , Hyperplasia , Inflammation , Lung , Macrophages, Alveolar , Mucin 5AC , Mucins , Mucus , Neutrophils , Ovalbumin , Ovum , Oxidative Stress , Trachea , YeastsABSTRACT
A asparaginase é uma enzima usada em tratamento clínico como agente quimioterapêutico e em tecnologia de alimentos na prevenção de formação de acrilamida em alimentos fritos e assados. Asparaginase é industrialmente produzida por micro-organismos, principalmente bactérias gram negativas. Zymomonas mobilis é uma bactéria gram negativa que utiliza glicose, frutose e sacarose como fonte de carbono e é conhecida por sua eficiência para produzir etanol, sorbitol, levana, ácido glicônico, e mais recentemente, tem despertado interesse no uso desse micro-organismo na produção de asparaginase. Este trabalho teve como objetivo otimizar a produção de asparaginase de Z. mobilis por fermentação contínua, pelo uso do delineamento experimental e da metodologia da superfície de resposta, testando as variáveis: sacarose, extrato de levedura e asparagina. A condição ótima alcançada, com produção de 117,45 UI L-1 foi na taxa de diluição 0,20 h-1, utilizando 0,5 g L-1 de extrato de levedura, 20 g L-1 de sacarose e 1,3 g L-1 de asparagina. Observou-se que a relação carbono:nitrogênio (1:0,025) exerceu forte influência na resposta da atividade de asparaginase. A utilização de Z. mobilis por fermentação contínua demonstrou ser uma alternativa promissora na produção biotecnológica da asparaginase.
Asparaginase is an enzyme used in clinical treatments as a chemotherapeutic agent and in food technology to prevent acrylamide formation in fried and baked foods. Asparaginase is industrially produced by microorganisms, mainly gram-negative bacteria. Zymomonas mobilis is a Gram-negative bacterium that utilizes glucose, fructose and sucrose as carbon source and has been known for its efficiency in producing ethanol, sorbitol, levan, gluconic acid and has recently aroused interest for asparaginase production. Current assay optimizes the production of Z. mobilis asparaginase by continuous fermentation using response surface experimental design and methodology. The studied variables comprised sucrose, yeast extract and asparagine. Optimized condition obtained 117.45 IU L-1 with dilution rate 0.20 h-1, yeast extract 0.5 g L-1, sucrose 20 g L-1 and asparagine 1.3 g L-1. Moreover, carbon:nitrogen ratio (1:0.025) strongly affected the response of asparaginase activity. The use of Z. mobilis by continuous fermentation has proved to be a promising alternative for the biotechnological production of asparaginase.
Subject(s)
Asparagine , Zymomonas , Asparaginase , Sucrose , YeastsABSTRACT
Background Ethanol has been pointed out as a laccase inducer. However, there are controversial reports about its efficiency with some fungi. In this study, we hypothesized that ethanol laccase induced in Pycnoporus sanguineus depends on nitrogen nutriment conditions. To prove this, we assessed laccase production in submerged cultures of P. sanguineus, with different nitrogen concentrations and with, or without ethanol added in a factorial designed experiment. Results In order to analyze the effects of factors on the response variables, a factorial ANOVA, and response-surface models were performed. It was found that the nitrogen source was the main factor that affected laccase production in P. sanguineus. The treatments with yeast extract (2 g/L) and ethanol (3 g/L) induced the highest laccase activity (31.01 ± 4.9 U/L), while the treatments with urea reached the lowest activity (less than 1.6 U/L). Ethanol had positive and synergic effects on laccase production, in accordance with the surface response model, as long as simple nitrogen sources (urea) were not available. Conclusions We suggest that laccase in P. sanguineus is regulated by a catabolic nitrogen repression mechanism; laccase activity is strongly inhibited by urea used as nitrogen source and it decreases when the amount of urea increases; contrarily, a synergic positive effect was observed between yeast extract and ethanol on laccase production.
Subject(s)
Laccase/biosynthesis , Ethanol/metabolism , Pycnoporus/enzymology , Nitrogen/analysis , Yeasts , Analysis of Variance , Monophenol Monooxygenase , Ethanol/analysisABSTRACT
The optimization of autolysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae from brewery was studied aiming at the maximum ribonucleic acid extraction and yeast extract production. The best conditions for yeast autolysis was 55.2ºC, pH= 5.1 and 9.8 percent NaCl for 24h of processing, without the NH3 use. In these conditions, the RNA yield was 89.7 percent, resulting in 51.3 percent of dehydrated yeast extract with 57.9 percent protein. The use of 12.2 percent NH3 at 60ºC after autolysis (8h) and plasmolysis (8h) was not viable due to the reduction in the RNA yield from 89.7to78.4 percent. On the other hand, the thermal shock at 60ºC for 15 minutes prior to autolysis provided an increase in the yield from 89.7 to 91.4 percent. The autolysis, including NaCl plasmolysis in the optimized conditions was efficient, economic and with short time, thus usable for industrial purpose to obtain more valuable products such as yeast extract enriched in RNA and/or protein, for different applications.
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BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial susceptibility of Legionella spp. has rarely been studied in Korea. Therefore, we aimed to determine the susceptibility of Legionella spp. to various antibiotics. METHODS: We assessed the antimicrobial susceptibility of 66 environmental and clinical Legionella isolates collected between January 2001 and December 2008 from Korea and Japan. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 6 antibiotics, namely, azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, clindamycin, gatifloxacin, and gemifloxacin were determined by the broth microdilution method using buffered starch yeast extract broth. RESULTS: The MIC ranges of the 6 antibiotics used against the Legionella isolates were as follows: 0.004-0.062 microgram/mL (azithromycin), 0.002-0.5 microgram/mL (ciprofloxacin), 0.004-0.5 microgram/mL (clarithromycin), 0.12-4 microgram/mL (clindamycin), 0.002-0.12 microgram/mL (gatifloxacin), and 0.008-1 microgram/mL (gemifloxacin). CONCLUSIONS: Legionella spp. isolates from Korea and Japan were most susceptible to gatifloxacin. Azithromycin, clarithromycin, ciprofloxacin, and gemifloxacin were also effective for treating legionellosis.
Subject(s)
Humans , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Azithromycin/pharmacology , Ciprofloxacin/pharmacology , Clarithromycin/pharmacology , Clindamycin/pharmacology , Drug Resistance, Bacterial , Fluoroquinolones/pharmacology , Legionella/drug effects , Legionellosis/diagnosis , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Naphthyridines/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Composition of culture medium for mass production of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae was optimized using a response surface methodology (RSM). Initially, the influence of glucose, thallium acetate, fresh yeast extract, horse serum, and porcine serum on the production of mycoplasmal protein was assessed using a 'one factor at a time' technique. Next, factors with a significant effect, including fresh yeast extract, and horse and porcine sera, were selected for further optimization using a central composite design (CCD) of RSM. The experimental results were fitted into a second order polynomial model equation. Estimated optimal condition of the factors for maximum production of mycoplasmal protein (i.e., triple-fold increase from 0.8 mg/L produced by basal mycoplasma media to 2.5 mg/L) was 10.9% fresh yeast extract, 15% horse serum, and 31.5% porcine serum (v/v). For the optimized conditions, a 2.96 mg/L experimental result was observed, similar to the estimated optimal conditions result of the CCD.
Subject(s)
Biotechnology/methods , Culture Media/chemistry , Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae/growth & developmentABSTRACT
O trabalho investigou a influência do uso do extrato de levedura, fonte dos mediadores redox riboflavina e nicotinamida, na remoção de cor de solução de corante azo Drimaren Azul HF-RL em condições anaeróbias. O trabalho envolveu a execução de ensaios em batelada, em frascos-reatores mantidos a 25 ºC, incubados com o azo-corante e lodo anaeróbio na presença e ausência de fontes de carbono (extrato de levedura ou glicose) e de mediadores redox (riboflavina ou extrato de levedura). O monitoramento da variação temporal de cor, a demanda química de oxigênio (DQO) e ácidos graxos voláteis (AGV) mostraram que a adição de extrato de levedura (0,5 g/L) resultou em eficiências de remoção de cor de 80 a 85 por cento nas primeiras 24 horas de incubação, e que os produtos da degradação do azo-corante foram tóxicos para todo o consórcio anaeróbio, o que resultou em baixas eficiências de remoção de DQO na presença e ausência do extrato de levedura. Os resultados indicaram, ainda, que as eficiências de remoção de cor foram inferiores a 30 por cento na presença de apenas glicose (fonte de carbono) ou riboflavina (mediador redox), indicando que o extrato de levedura atuou simultaneamente como fonte de carbono e de mediadores redox.
This paper investigated the influence of using yeast extract, which is the source of redox mediators riboflavin and nicotinamide, in the decolorization of solutions containing the azo dye Drimaren Blue HF-RL in anaerobic conditions. It involved the incubation of serum bottles kept at 25 ºC and inoculated with the azo-dye, and anaerobic sludge in the presence and absence of carbon source (glucose or yeast extract) and redox mediators (riboflavin and yeast extract). The monitoring of color, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and volatile fatty acids (VFA) showed that the addition of yeast extract (0.5 g/L) resulted in 80 to 85 percent color removal in the first 24 hours of incubation; and that the metabolites of dye degradation were toxic to the anaerobic microorganisms, which led to low COD removal efficiencies either in the presence or absence of yeast extract. The results also showed that the efficiencies of color removal were below 30 percent in the presence of only glucose or riboflavin, indicating that the yeast extract acted simultaneously as source of carbon and redox mediators.
ABSTRACT
Trichoderma is one of the fungi genera that produce important metabolites for industry. The growth of these organisms is a consequence of the nutritional sources used as also of the physical conditions employed to cultivate them. In this work, the automated Bioscreen C system was used to evaluate the influence of different nutritional sources on the growth of Trichoderma strains (T. hamatum, T. harzianum, T. viride, andT. longibrachiatum) isolated from the soil in the Juréia-Itatins Ecological Station (JIES), São Paulo State - Brazil. The cultures were grown in liquid culture media containing different carbon- (2%; w/v) and nitrogen (1%; w/v) sources at 28ºC, pH 6.5, and agitated at 150 rpm for 72 h. The results showed, as expected, that glucose is superior to sucrose as a growth-stimulating carbon source in the Trichoderma strains studied, while yeast extract and tryptone were good growth-stimulating nitrogen sources in the cultivation of T. hamatum and T. harzianum.
Trichoderma é um dos gêneros de fungos produtores de metabólitos de interesse industrial. O crescimento destes organismos é conseqüência das fontes nutricionais utilizadas, juntamente com as condições físicas de cultivo. Neste trabalho, o sistema automatizado Bioscreen C foi utilizado para avaliar a influência de diferentes fontes nutricionais sobre o crescimentode linhagens de Trichoderma (T. hamatum, T. harzianum, T. viride e T. longibrachiatum) isoladas do solo da Estação Ecológica da Juréia-Itatins (JIES), São Paulo - Brasil. Os cultivosforam feitos em meios líquidos de cultura contendo diferentes fontes de carbono (2%; w / v) e nitrogênio (1%; w / v) a 28ºC, pH 6,5 e agitados a 150 rpm durante 72 h. Os resultados mostraram, conforme esperado, que a glicose é melhor do que a sacarose como fonte de carbono indutora de crescimento das linhagens de Trichoderma testadas, enquanto que, o extrato de leveduras e a triptona foram boas fontes de nitrogênio indutorasde crescimento para os cultivos de T. hamatum e T. harzianum.
Subject(s)
Energy-Generating Resources , Fungicides, Industrial/analysis , Culture Media/analysis , Trichoderma/growth & development , Yeasts , Agricultural Zones/analysis , Ecology , Methods , Nutrition Assessment , Pedigree , MethodsABSTRACT
In this study it was aimed to investigate inducibility of secondary metabolism in Astragalus chrysochlorus by yeast extract which is known to cause the synthesis of defensive phenolic metabolites. Cell suspension cultures of Astragalus chrysochlorus responded to elicitor treatment (10 gl-1 yeast extract) by increasing phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL E.C. 4.3.1.5) activity, the key enzyme of phenylpropanoid pathway and accumulation of phenolic compounds. Yeast extract was added on 13th day in the cultures when cells were at early stage of logarithmic phase. The highest PAL activity (2.71 U μg protein-1 min-1) was measured at 36 hr after addition of yeast extract and increasing of total phenolics accompanied with 221 μg g-1 value as fresh weight (FW). Total phenolic content reached maximum value, 343.86 μg g-1 FW, at 48 hr while control’s value was 162 μg g-1 FW. Maximum PAL activity and total phenolic content were 2.88 and 2.12 times higher than the controls of A. chrysochlorus cells, respectively. Our results indicate that there is a positive correlation between induced PAL activity and accumulation of total phenolics. It is considered that early defense response given to environmental stressors such as biotic and abiotic factors by upregulation of phenolic branch of secondary metabolism occurs in A. chrysochlorus with addition of yeast extract.
ABSTRACT
In the riboflavin fermentation by recombinant Bacillus subtilis 24/pMX45,The yeast powder facilitate riboflavin biosynthesis and the yeast extract have negative effect. It was found that the concentrations of inorganic ions and the amino acids in yeast extract were much higher than that of the yeast powder. The inorganic ions and the amino acids were respectively added to the medium while yeast powder was used as base nitrogen source. The fermentation results show that excess inorganic ions and glutamine have negative effect on riboflavin biosynthesis. The yeast extract restrained riboflavin biosynthesis for it contains much glutamic acid.